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1.
Clin Infect Dis ; 78(2): 476-483, 2024 Feb 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37864849

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: With more than 7500 cases reported since April 2022, Spain has experienced the highest incidence of mpox in Europe. From 12 July onward, the modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavaria Nordic (MVA-BN) smallpox vaccine was offered as pre-exposure prophylaxis for those receiving pre-exposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-PrEP). Our aim was to assess the effectiveness of 1 dose of MVA-BN vaccine as pre-exposure prophylaxis against mpox virus (MPXV) infection in persons on HIV-PrEP. METHODS: National retrospective cohort study between 12 July and 12 December 2022. Individuals aged ≥18 years receiving HIV-PrEP as of 12 July with no previous MPXV infection or vaccination were eligible. Each day, we matched individuals receiving a first dose of vaccine and unvaccinated controls of the same age and region. We used a Kaplan-Meier estimator, calculated risk ratios (RR) and vaccine effectiveness (VE = [1 - RR]x100). RESULTS: We included 5660 matched pairs, with a median follow-up of 62 days (interquartile range, 24-97). Mpox cumulative incidence was 5.6 per 1000 (25 cases) in unvaccinated and 3.5 per 1000 (18 cases) in vaccinated. No effect was found during days 0-6 post-vaccination (VE, -38.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], -332.7 to 46.4), but VE was 65% at ≥7 days (95% CI, 22.9 to 88.0) and 79% at ≥14 days (95% CI, 33.3 to 100.0) post-vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: One dose of MVA-BN vaccine offered protection against mpox in most-at-risk population shortly after the vaccination. Further studies need to assess the VE of a second dose and the duration of protection over time.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Vacinas , Vaccinia , Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Vaccinia/prevenção & controle , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Vírus Vaccinia , Vacinação , Vírus da Varíola dos Macacos , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle
2.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 36(4): 346-379, aug. 2023. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-223555

RESUMO

A progressively increasing percentage of the elderly live during the last years of their lives in nursing homes. Although these institutions are intended to mimic life at home as much as possible, they have characteristics that make them quite similar to a “nosocomiun”, i.e. an establishment for the treatment of the sick. The very coexistence among the elderly, the fact of sharing caregivers and the very significant exposure to third parties, together with the frequent predisposing diseases to infection in this population, make infection frequent among residents and also easily transmissible. This leads us to ask what can be done to prevent infection in this environment and more specifically what is the state of the art of the matter in a Western European nation such as ours. The Board of Trustees of the Health Sciences Foundation has asked itself a series of questions on the subject of infection prevention in Nursing Homes, the structure of procedures, the legislation available, compliance with the measures indicated, the best indicators of the processes and therefore, the need to promote in Spain a document of recommendations to avoid infections in this poplation whose morbidity and mortality need not be highlighted. To this end, a multidisciplinary group of experts in different aspects of this problem has been convened and asked the proposed questions. The questions were discussed by the group as a whole and led to a series of conclusions agreed upon by the participants. The results of the meeting are reported below (AU)


Un porcentaje progresivamente creciente de las personas mayores viven durante los últimos años de su vida en residencias de ancianos. Dichas instituciones, aunque pretenden remedar lo más posible la vida en el hogar, tienen características que las hace bastante parecidas a un nosocomio, es decir a un establecimiento destinado al tratamiento de enfermos. La propia convivencia entre los ancianos, el hecho de compartir cuidadores y la exposición muy importante a terceras personas, junto con las frecuentes enfermedades predisponentes a la infección de esta población, hacen que la infección sea frecuente entre los residentes y que además sea fácilmente transmisible. Esto nos lleva a preguntarnos qué puede hacerse para prevenir la infección en este medio y más concretamente cuál es el estado del arte de la cuestión en una nación de Europa Occidental como la nuestra. El patronato de la Fundación de Ciencias de la Salud se ha formulado una serie de preguntas sobre el tema de la prevención de la infección en las Residencias de Mayores, la estructura de la misma, la legislación vigente, el cumplimiento de las medidas indicadas, los indicadores de los procesos y por ende, la necesidad de fomentar en España un documento de recomendaciones para evitar infecciones en esta población cuya morbilidad y mortalidad no necesitan ser resaltadas. Para ello, se ha convocado a un grupo multidisciplinar de expertos en distintos aspectos de este problema a los que se les han formulado las preguntas propuestas. Las preguntas han sido discutidas por el grupo en su conjunto y han conducido a una serie de conclusiones consensuadas entre los participantes. Pasamos, a continuación a relatar los resultados de la reunión (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Assistência de Longa Duração , Assistência a Idosos , Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos , Espanha
3.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 32(4): 333-364, ago. 2019. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-188828

RESUMO

The childhood immunization schedule is well known and generally well implemented in developed countries. For various reasons, the same is not true of vaccines aimed at preventing infections in adults, in which vaccination coverage is incomplete and generally very deficient. In order to assess the situation of adult vaccination in Spain, the Fundación de Ciencias de la Salud has brought together a series of experts in different fields, including doctors, nurses, representatives of patient associations, health managers and economists, health authorities and journalists to deal with this issue. The format was that of a round table in which a series of questions previously formulated by the coordinators were to be answered and debated. The document presented is not an exhaustive review of the topic, nor is it intended to make recommendations, but only to give a multidisciplinary opinion on topics that could be particularly debatable or controversial. The paper reviews the main vaccine-preventable adult diseases, their clinical and economic impact, the possibilities of reducing them with vaccination programmes and the difficulties in carrying them out. The role of nursing, pharmacy services, patient associations and the health administration itself in changing the current situation was discussed. Prospects for new vaccines were discussed and we speculated on the future in this field. Finally, particularly relevant ethical aspects in decision-making regarding vaccination were discussed, which must be faced by both individuals and states. We have tried to summarize, at the end of the presentation of each question, the environment of opinion that was agreed with all the members of the table


El calendario de vacunación infantil es bien conocido y generalmente bien implementado en los países desarrollados. Por varias razones, no ocurre lo mismo en el caso de las vacunas destinadas a prevenir las infecciones en adultos, en los que la cobertura vacunal es incompleta y generalmente muy deficiente. Con el fin de evaluar la situación de la vacunación de adultos en España, la Fundación de Ciencias de la Salud ha reunido a una serie de expertos en diferentes campos, incluyendo médicos, enfermeras, representantes de asociaciones de pacientes, gestores sanitarios, economistas, autoridades sanitarias y periodistas para discutir este asunto. El formato fue el de una mesa redonda en la que una serie de preguntas, formuladas previamente por los coordinadores, debían ser contestadas y debatidas. El documento presentado no es una revisión exhaustiva del tema, ni tiene por objeto hacer recomendaciones, simplemente pretende dar una opinión multidisciplinar sobre aspectos que pueden ser debatibles o controvertidos. El documento revisa las principales enfermedades de los adultos que pueden prevenirse con vacunas, su impacto clínico y económico, las posibilidades de reducirlos con los programas de vacunación y las dificultades para llevarlos a cabo. Se discutió el papel de la enfermería, la farmacia, los servicios de salud, las asociaciones de pacientes y la propia administración sanitaria para cambiar la situación actual. Se evaluaron las perspectivas para nuevas vacunas y se especuló sobre el futuro en este campo. Por último, se discutieron los aspectos éticos especialmente relevantes en la toma de decisiones con respecto a la vacunación, que deben ser afrontados tanto por los individuos como por los estados. Hemos intentado resumir, al final de la presentación de cada pregunta, la opinión que representaba el consenso de todos los miembros de la mesa


Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Cobertura Vacinal/estatística & dados numéricos , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Infecções por Haemophilus/prevenção & controle , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/prevenção & controle , Incidência , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Infecções Meningocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Meningocócicas/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Haemophilus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Espanha/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/prevenção & controle , Infecção pelo Vírus da Varicela-Zoster/epidemiologia , Infecção pelo Vírus da Varicela-Zoster/prevenção & controle
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